A subject can be an internationalised resource identifier (IRI) or a blank node an object can be an IRI, blank node, or a literal and a predicate can be an IRI only. For the latter example, RDF “is a framework for representing information in the Web”, published by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), where data is described in short statements, called triples, which are of the form subject-predicate-object. The form of complex digital objects can vary, with examples including: a collection of XML files the same content but as HTML files with semantic markup to describe the content therein as a dataset stored in a relational database or as Resource Description Framework (RDF). However, by retrodigitising the artefact, converting it from a simple digital resource to a complex digital resource, it has the potential to become machine-interoperable. EXDN is in print form, bounded and static, and by digitising the dictionary, it is converted from an analogue resource into a simple digital resource, typically as images in JPEG format. 303).ĭespite EXDN being published more than seventy-five years ago, as a language resource for an under-resourced indigenous African language, its content is still of value (p. In the case of isiXhosa, there are fifteen noun classes, with affixes (morphemes, the smallest unit of a language) added to a word stem to create a word or phrase, rendering it an agglutinative language with a conjunctive orthography (the affixes and word stems are bound together when written) (pp. Bantu languages are characterised by the use of a grammatical system to broadly categorise nouns, called a noun class system, with concordial agreement markers which show agreement between subject and verb, and between noun and modifier (p. isiXhosa (referred hereon by its endonym) is one of eleven official languages in South Africa, where, with the exception of English, all are considered under-resourced languages due to the limited language resources available for each and the socio-economic constraints of the speakers (p. EXDN is unidirectional, with English as the source language and Xhosa, an indigenous Bantu language from the Nguni language group (S40 in Guthrie’s classification), the target language (p. It was published in 1935 in South Africa and is now in the public domain (p.
The English-Xhosa Dictionary for Nurses (EXDN) is a bilingual dictionary of medical terms, authored by Neil MacVicar, a medical doctor, in collaboration with Xhosa-speaking nurses (p. The result is a bidirectional lexicographic resource, previously bounded and static, now unbounded and evolving, with the ability to extend to multilingualism. The methodological guidelines for the construction of a Linguistic Linked Data framework (LLDF) for a lexicographic resource, as applied to EXDN, are described, where an LLDF can be defined as a framework: (1) which describes data in RDF, (2) using a model designed for the representation of linguistic information, (3) which adheres to Linked Data principles, and (4) which supports versioning, allowing for change. By extending the digitisation efforts of EXDN from a human-readable digital object to a machine-readable state, using Resource Description Framework (RDF) as the data model, semantically interoperable structured data can be created, thus enabling EXDN’s data to be reused, aggregated and integrated with other language resources, where it can serve as a potential aid in the development of future language resources for isiXhosa, an under-resourced language in South Africa. The English-Xhosa Dictionary for Nurses (EXDN) is a bilingual, unidirectional printed dictionary in the public domain, with English and isiXhosa as the language pair.
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